SQL Server Software Download Your Comprehensive Guide

SQL Server software program obtain is your gateway to a robust database administration system. Unleash the potential of structured question language (SQL) with this important software program. We’ll information you thru the obtain course of, protecting numerous editions, set up conditions, and post-installation configurations. Uncover the best way to optimize efficiency and improve safety on your database purposes.

This complete information walks you thru the steps of downloading and putting in SQL Server, from deciding on the precise version to making sure a easy set up course of. We’ll discover the varied options and functionalities of SQL Server, empowering you to handle and question your information successfully. Plus, we deal with potential points and supply safety greatest practices to maintain your database protected and sound.

Table of Contents

Overview of SQL Server Software program

SQL Server, a robust relational database administration system (RDBMS), is a cornerstone of information administration for numerous organizations. Its strong options allow environment friendly storage, retrieval, and manipulation of information, facilitating numerous enterprise purposes and decision-making processes. This overview will delve into the important thing options, editions, supported working techniques, and comparative evaluation of various SQL Server editions.SQL Server’s versatility stems from its capability to deal with various information sorts and complexities, starting from easy transactions to intricate analytical queries.

Its efficiency and scalability make it a dependable alternative for a big selection of purposes, from small companies to massive enterprises. The various editions cater to particular wants and budgets, making SQL Server an adaptable answer for any information administration requirement.

Key Options and Functionalities

SQL Server boasts a complete suite of options designed for environment friendly information administration. These options embrace strong transaction administration, information integrity controls, and a broad vary of analytical instruments. It additionally offers a wealthy set of programming interfaces, enabling builders to seamlessly combine SQL Server into their purposes. Moreover, SQL Server provides superior safety measures to safeguard delicate information and keep compliance with trade rules.

Out there Editions and Variations

SQL Server provides numerous editions tailor-made to particular wants and scale necessities. These editions differ of their options, functionalities, and licensing prices. The precise version chosen relies on elements like the scale of the database, the variety of concurrent customers, and the required functionalities. Understanding the totally different editions is essential for choosing the optimum answer.

Supported Working Methods

SQL Server helps a variety of working techniques, guaranteeing compatibility with current infrastructure. This broad help facilitates seamless integration into numerous environments. The supported working techniques are chosen for his or her stability, reliability, and alignment with trade greatest practices.

Comparability of SQL Server Editions

Version	Options	Supported OS	Value
Categorical	Fundamental instruments for small-scale growth; restricted concurrent customers.	Home windows	Free
Normal	Complete options for mid-sized deployments; extra superior safety.	Home windows, Linux	Perpetual License
Enterprise	Excessive-end options for large-scale deployments; excessive availability and scalability.	Home windows, Linux	Perpetual License
Internet	Particular options for internet purposes; cloud-ready	Home windows	Perpetual License

The desk above offers a concise comparability of the totally different editions of SQL Server, highlighting their key options, supported working techniques, and pricing fashions. Selecting the suitable version is essential for guaranteeing optimum efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

Downloading SQL Server

Unlocking the ability of SQL Server begins with a easy obtain. This significant step lays the muse for constructing strong databases and purposes. Whether or not you are a seasoned developer or simply beginning your database journey, understanding the obtain course of is crucial.SQL Server provides numerous editions to go well with various wants and technical experience. From the highly effective Enterprise version for large-scale deployments to the streamlined Categorical version for smaller initiatives, choosing the proper model is vital to maximizing effectivity and minimizing complexity.

The set up course of is designed to be simple, guaranteeing a easy expertise for customers of all ability ranges.

Obtain Choices

A wide range of SQL Server variations can be found for obtain, every tailor-made to totally different wants. The official Microsoft web site offers a complete number of editions, permitting customers to decide on the optimum model for his or her particular challenge necessities. These choices guarantee an acceptable match between the SQL Server version and the particular calls for of the challenge.

Normal Version: Ideally suited for medium-sized companies and purposes needing strong database performance.
Enterprise Version: Designed for large-scale deployments and high-transaction environments. It offers superior options for dealing with substantial information volumes and demanding purposes.
Developer Version: An entire SQL Server set up that is nice for growth and testing functions. It contains all options, permitting customers to construct, check, and debug advanced database options in a managed surroundings.
Categorical Version: A light-weight model, good for smaller initiatives and studying environments. It provides a fundamental however practical database engine, appropriate for fast prototyping and small-scale purposes.

Step-by-Step Obtain Information

Downloading SQL Server is an easy course of. Following these steps will guarantee a profitable obtain and set up.

Go to the official Microsoft Obtain Middle: Navigate to the Microsoft web site devoted to SQL Server downloads. Search for the particular SQL Server version you want.
Choose the suitable model: Select the version that greatest aligns together with your challenge necessities. Take into account elements like database measurement, transaction quantity, and person base.
Select the right obtain: Choose the right installer file on your working system (e.g., 64-bit or 32-bit Home windows). Be meticulous in deciding on the precise file to keep away from compatibility points.
Run the installer: As soon as the obtain is full, find the installer file and execute it. This initiates the set up course of.
Comply with the on-screen prompts: The installer will information you thru the set up course of, offering clear directions and choices. Be attentive to the totally different selections offered in the course of the set up course of.

System Necessities for Set up

Getting SQL Server up and operating easily relies upon closely in your laptop’s capabilities. This part dives into the important {hardware} and software program wants, guaranteeing a seamless set up expertise tailor-made to your particular SQL Server version and model. Understanding these necessities is essential for avoiding potential compatibility points and maximizing efficiency.

Important {Hardware} and Software program Necessities

To put in SQL Server, you may want a suitable working system and ample {hardware} sources. This contains the required processor pace, reminiscence, disk area, and community connectivity. Completely different SQL Server editions have various necessities, so fastidiously think about your wants to decide on the precise version.

Working System Compatibility: SQL Server is designed to run on particular working techniques. Affirm compatibility together with your chosen version and model of SQL Server earlier than continuing with the set up. This significant step ensures a easy and error-free set up. Make sure you examine Microsoft’s official documentation for the most recent supported working techniques.
Processor: The required processor pace varies relying on the version and model of SQL Server. For instance, the minimal processor pace for some editions is likely to be 1.8 GHz, whereas the advisable pace is likely to be 2.5 GHz or larger, providing a smoother and extra environment friendly person expertise.
Reminiscence (RAM): SQL Server’s efficiency is considerably affected by the out there RAM. Inadequate reminiscence can result in efficiency points, particularly throughout advanced queries and huge datasets. The advisable RAM quantity is essential for optimum database operations. Guarantee you have got sufficient reminiscence for the particular workload and information quantity you anticipate.
Storage House: SQL Server requires ample disk area for storing database information, logs, and different system information. The minimal and advisable disk area necessities range significantly based mostly on the version and anticipated information quantity. Sufficient cupboard space is crucial for easy database operations and prevents storage bottlenecks.
Community Connectivity: A secure community connection is significant for connecting to SQL Server situations and accessing databases. The community necessities are normally normal, however you could want particular configurations for distant entry. Take into account community bandwidth and latency when evaluating your system’s capability.

Particular Necessities for Completely different Editions

Completely different editions of SQL Server cater to numerous wants, from small companies to massive enterprises. This part clarifies the system necessities tailor-made to every version.

Normal Version: This version is appropriate for smaller organizations and purposes with reasonable information volumes. The necessities are usually decrease than these of upper editions, specializing in affordability and efficiency in a constrained surroundings.
Enterprise Version: This strong version is meant for large-scale organizations and complicated purposes with substantial information volumes. It boasts enhanced efficiency and options tailor-made to demanding workloads. The system necessities mirror this enhanced performance.
Developer Version: Designed for builders and testers, this version permits for hands-on exploration and testing of SQL Server options with out incurring manufacturing prices. The necessities are usually aligned with the Normal Version however could range barely based mostly on the particular workload.

Evaluating System Necessities Throughout Variations

Completely different variations of SQL Server could have various {hardware} and software program necessities. Fastidiously assessment the particular necessities on your chosen model to make sure compatibility. The minimal and advisable necessities could differ based mostly on the SQL Server model you’re focusing on.

Requirement	Description	Minimal	Really useful
Working System	Appropriate OS	Home windows Server 2012 R2	Home windows Server 2022
Processor	CPU Velocity	1.8 GHz	2.5 GHz or larger
RAM	Reminiscence	4 GB	8 GB or larger
Storage House	Disk House	50 GB	100 GB or larger

Set up Course of

Embarking in your SQL Server journey begins with a easy set up. This significant step ensures your database engine is accurately arrange and able to deal with your information. Correct configuration units the stage for optimum efficiency and future scalability. This information offers a complete walkthrough, protecting the set up course of for various working techniques, together with vital conditions and configuration choices.The SQL Server set up course of is designed to be user-friendly, guiding you thru numerous selections and guaranteeing a seamless expertise.

From selecting the suitable version to customizing set up choices, every step performs an important position in attaining a strong and environment friendly database answer. Understanding these selections will empower you to tailor the set up to your particular wants.

Stipulations

Earlier than commencing the set up, a number of conditions should be met. These guarantee compatibility and optimum performance. The mandatory elements should be current and accurately configured for a profitable set up. A secure working system, ample disk area, and suitable {hardware} are important.

Set up Choices

Completely different set up choices cater to numerous wants and eventualities. These choices permit customization to greatest match the dimensions and necessities of your challenge. Realizing the implications of every possibility is essential for choosing the proper match.

Categorical Version: Ideally suited for smaller deployments and studying environments, the Categorical version offers a streamlined expertise with important functionalities.
Normal Version: This version provides a balanced mix of options and efficiency, appropriate for medium-sized companies and initiatives with reasonable information volumes.
Enterprise Version: The enterprise version offers superior options, excessive availability, and distinctive scalability, making it appropriate for large-scale deployments and complicated enterprise purposes.
Developer Version: The developer version permits for experimentation, testing, and growth of purposes, providing all of the options of the enterprise version in a freely usable package deal.

Set up on Home windows

The next steps Artikel the set up course of for Home windows working techniques:

Obtain the installer: Receive the suitable SQL Server installer file from the official Microsoft web site.
Run the installer: Execute the downloaded installer file. The setup wizard will information you thru the set up course of.
Choose set up kind: Select the version and options that align together with your challenge’s wants. Take into account elements just like the database measurement and the variety of customers.
Configure occasion identify: Present a novel identify on your SQL Server occasion. This identify will likely be used to determine the occasion within the system.
Specify set up location: Select the listing the place SQL Server information will likely be saved. Guarantee ample disk area is obtainable.
Configure safety settings: Set up applicable safety settings to guard your database from unauthorized entry.
Evaluation settings: Fastidiously assessment all the chosen choices earlier than continuing with the set up.
Set up: Click on the “Set up” button to provoke the set up course of.
Put up-installation duties: Comply with any post-installation directions to finish the setup and confirm performance.

Set up on Different Working Methods

The set up course of for different working techniques, comparable to Linux, could differ barely. Seek the advice of the official documentation for detailed directions.

Put up-Set up Configuration

After the thrilling set up of SQL Server, you are not fairly completed but! This significant post-installation configuration part ensures your database server is buzzing alongside easily, able to deal with your information with grace and effectivity. Correct configuration is the important thing to unlocking optimum efficiency and stopping potential complications down the highway.

Server and Occasion Names

Selecting the best names on your server and occasion is like giving your database a persona. A descriptive and logical identify makes it simpler to handle and determine your SQL Server. The server identify is exclusive throughout your community and identifies the bodily machine. The occasion identify distinguishes the SQL Server set up on that machine from others.

For instance, a server named “MyDatabaseServer” may need an occasion named “ProductionDB.” Utilizing a naming conference helps keep order in your server panorama.

Safety Settings

Safety is paramount in a database surroundings. Sturdy safety settings defend your delicate information from unauthorized entry. Configuring person accounts, granting permissions, and organising sturdy passwords are essential steps. Correctly configuring authentication strategies, like Home windows Authentication or SQL Server Authentication, is crucial to make sure solely licensed customers can work together together with your database. This step is important to sustaining the integrity and confidentiality of your information.

Database Engine Configuration

This entails organising vital features just like the storage location for database information, log information, and tempdb. These settings immediately influence efficiency and storage capability. Fastidiously contemplating your anticipated information progress and the required sources is essential for optimizing efficiency. For instance, allocating ample area on a quick storage machine can considerably enhance question execution speeds.

Service Configuration

Guaranteeing the SQL Server companies are configured accurately is significant. Adjusting startup kind and dependencies can have an effect on the server’s availability and responsiveness. Take into account whether or not you want the service to start out robotically when the working system boots. Reviewing the service configuration and guaranteeing it aligns together with your operational necessities is important for sustaining a easy workflow.

Instance Configuration Points and Options

A typical situation is sluggish question efficiency. One potential answer is to investigate question plans to determine bottlenecks and optimize queries. One other situation might be inadequate reminiscence allocation. Addressing this would possibly contain growing the SQL Server reminiscence restrict. Improper safety configurations can result in vulnerabilities.

Implementing sturdy passwords, role-based entry management, and common safety audits can mitigate this threat.

Put up-Set up Configuration Abstract

| Setting | Description | Default Worth ||—|—|—|| Server Title | Distinctive identify for the bodily machine internet hosting SQL Server | Decided by the working system || Occasion Title | Identifies the SQL Server set up on the machine | Normally “MSSQLSERVER” || Safety Settings | Person accounts, permissions, authentication strategies | Relies on the chosen authentication technique || Database Engine Configuration | Storage location, file measurement, log information | Decided by the set up wizard || Service Configuration | Startup kind, dependencies | Relies on the configuration choices |

Key Options and Performance

SQL Server, a strong database administration system, empowers companies to retailer, handle, and retrieve huge quantities of information effectively. Its complete options allow organizations to construct highly effective purposes, achieve insightful enterprise intelligence, and in the end drive knowledgeable decision-making. This part dives into the core functionalities and options, together with database sorts, safety measures, and sensible utilization inside the SQL Server Administration Studio (SSMS).

Database Administration

SQL Server excels at managing relational databases, a cornerstone of information group. This entails defining tables, organising relationships between them, and implementing information integrity guidelines. The system’s strong engine ensures information consistency and reliability. SQL Server’s highly effective question processing capabilities make it appropriate for dealing with advanced information manipulations and retrieving particular info. This allows companies to extract insights and generate reviews that information strategic selections.

Querying Capabilities

SQL Server’s querying language, Transact-SQL (T-SQL), permits for exact and environment friendly information retrieval. Customers can craft advanced queries to filter, type, and combination information based mostly on particular standards. This allows a deeper understanding of developments and patterns inside the information. Moreover, the system provides saved procedures, that are pre-compiled units of T-SQL instructions, permitting for streamlined and repeatable information manipulation duties.

Supported Database Sorts

SQL Server helps numerous database sorts, catering to various organizational wants. The flexibleness of this method permits companies to adapt their database options to evolving necessities. SQL Server helps totally different editions, together with Categorical, Normal, Enterprise, and extra, catering to various wants and budgets. Every version offers particular options and efficiency ranges, providing a tailor-made answer.

Safety Options and Greatest Practices

Sturdy safety measures are integral to SQL Server’s performance. These options defend delicate information from unauthorized entry, sustaining confidentiality and integrity. Entry management lists (ACLs) and person roles limit entry to particular information, enhancing safety and stopping information breaches. Implementing sturdy passwords and common audits are important greatest practices for securing information inside SQL Server. Moreover, common safety updates and monitoring are essential to sustaining a safe database surroundings.

SQL Server Administration Studio (SSMS)

SQL Server Administration Studio (SSMS) offers a user-friendly graphical interface for administering and managing SQL Server databases. This instrument provides a variety of functionalities, together with database creation, object administration, and question execution. Utilizing SSMS, customers can work together with the database system successfully, minimizing errors and optimizing database efficiency. It streamlines database duties and makes advanced operations accessible.

Kinds of Queries

Various kinds of queries are used to retrieve and manipulate information inside a SQL Server database. These queries, when used successfully, supply a deep understanding of the information. The desk beneath demonstrates the number of queries.

Question Sort	Instance	Description
SELECT	`SELECT` `FROM Prospects;`	Retrieves all information from the Prospects desk.
INSERT	`INSERT INTO Prospects (CustomerID, Title) VALUES (1, 'John Doe');`	Provides a brand new row to the Prospects desk.
UPDATE	`UPDATE Prospects SET Title = 'Jane Doe' WHERE CustomerID = 1;`	Modifies an current row within the Prospects desk.
DELETE	`DELETE FROM Prospects WHERE CustomerID = 1;`	Removes a row from the Prospects desk.
JOIN	`SELECT` `FROM Prospects c JOIN Orders o ON c.CustomerID = o.CustomerID;`	Combines information from a number of tables based mostly on a associated column.

Troubleshooting Widespread Points

Navigating the digital realm of SQL Server can generally really feel like a treasure hunt. Whereas the software program is powerful, surprising challenges can come up. This part equips you with the instruments and data to sort out widespread points head-on, guaranteeing a easy crusing expertise together with your SQL Server endeavors.Troubleshooting is an integral a part of efficient database administration.

Figuring out and resolving issues promptly is essential for sustaining information integrity, efficiency, and general system stability. Understanding the potential causes and options to widespread SQL Server points will prevent invaluable time and sources.

Figuring out and Resolving Connection Points

Connection issues are a frequent frustration. They’ll stem from community configurations, server availability, or incorrect login credentials. Thorough checks in these areas are important. A strong connection is the bedrock of a easy SQL Server expertise.

Confirm community connectivity: Guarantee your community connection to the SQL Server occasion is secure. Test for community outages or firewalls blocking communication. A strong community connection is important for dependable communication.
Affirm server availability: Confirm that the SQL Server service is operating on the goal server. Test the server logs for any errors that is likely to be stopping the service from beginning.
Validate login credentials: Double-check that the username and password used to connect with the SQL Server are appropriate. Incorrect credentials can result in connection failures. Password energy and safety are paramount.
Look at firewall configurations: Affirm that the required ports (usually port 1433 for TCP/IP) are open in your firewall settings. Firewall guidelines can forestall connections from reaching the SQL Server occasion.

Database Corruption Analysis

Database corruption is usually a extreme concern, resulting in information loss and system instability. Understanding the signs and strategies for diagnosing and repairing corruption is important for information preservation. Immediate motion is vital to mitigating injury.

Establish signs of corruption: Search for uncommon errors throughout question execution, surprising information loss, or database efficiency degradation. These signs are sometimes the primary indicators of potential points.
Use database upkeep instruments: Make the most of built-in SQL Server instruments or devoted database upkeep utilities to diagnose potential corruption points. Instruments present automated checks for information integrity.
Implement backup and restoration methods: A well-defined backup and restoration technique is essential to mitigate the chance of information loss. Common backups allow swift restoration in case of corruption.

Question Optimization and Efficiency Tuning

Poorly written queries can severely influence SQL Server efficiency. Optimizing queries can considerably enhance response occasions and system effectivity. Environment friendly queries result in a greater person expertise.

Analyze question execution plans: Use the SQL Server Profiler or related instruments to look at how your queries are being executed. Establish bottlenecks and areas for enchancment.
Optimize question construction: Guarantee your queries use applicable indexes and keep away from pointless operations. Environment friendly question construction results in optimized efficiency.
Make the most of indexes strategically: Correct indexing can considerably pace up information retrieval. Select indexes properly to keep away from pointless overhead.

Troubleshooting Particular Error Codes

Error codes can supply invaluable clues in regards to the nature of the issue. Understanding widespread error codes and their related options is crucial. Particular options goal explicit points.

Seek the advice of SQL Server error messages: When encountering errors, fastidiously assessment the error messages for particular particulars. Error messages comprise useful clues for analysis.
Confer with on-line sources: Make the most of on-line sources like Microsoft’s documentation or group boards to seek out options particular to your error codes. Lively communities supply invaluable help.

Safety Greatest Practices: Sql Server Software program Obtain

Defending your SQL Server database is paramount. Sturdy safety measures are usually not simply good observe, they’re important for safeguarding your invaluable information from unauthorized entry and potential breaches. This part particulars important safety greatest practices to bolster your SQL Server surroundings.A powerful safety posture entails extra than simply putting in the software program; it necessitates a proactive and ongoing dedication to safeguarding your information.

This contains understanding the potential threats, implementing applicable controls, and repeatedly evaluating your safety technique. It is a steady means of adaptation and enchancment.

Entry Controls

Establishing and implementing strict entry controls is essential for managing who can work together together with your SQL Server database. This entails fastidiously defining person roles and permissions.

Grant entry solely to licensed personnel.
Make the most of least privilege precept; grant customers solely the required permissions to carry out their duties.
Make use of sturdy passwords and implement password insurance policies, together with common password modifications.
Commonly assessment and replace entry permissions to make sure alignment with present wants.

Encryption

Defending delicate information in transit and at relaxation is important. Encryption ensures that even when information is intercepted, it stays unreadable with out the decryption key.

Encrypt information at relaxation utilizing Clear Knowledge Encryption (TDE).
Encrypt information in transit utilizing Safe Sockets Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Safety (TLS).
Implement encryption for delicate columns or tables to stop unauthorized entry.
Make sure the encryption keys are saved securely and guarded towards unauthorized entry.

Backups

Common backups are important for catastrophe restoration. They mean you can restore your information within the occasion of a failure or information loss.

Implement a strong backup technique that features each full and differential backups.
Commonly check your backup and restoration procedures to make sure their effectiveness.
Retailer backups offsite to guard towards native disasters.
Set up a transparent backup and restoration coverage that particulars procedures and obligations.

Securing SQL Server Connections

Safe connections are important to stop unauthorized entry to your SQL Server occasion.

Use sturdy passwords and complicated authentication strategies.
Make use of community safety measures, comparable to firewalls, to restrict entry to the SQL Server occasion.
Limit entry to particular IP addresses or subnets.
Configure the SQL Server occasion to hear solely on particular community ports.

Important Safety Protocols

A complete safety technique contains adhering to established protocols.

Adhere to trade greatest practices and regulatory compliance requirements (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA).
Commonly patch and replace SQL Server to handle safety vulnerabilities.
Monitor your SQL Server occasion for suspicious exercise.
Implement intrusion detection techniques to determine and reply to potential threats.

Alternate options to SQL Server

Selecting the best database administration system (DBMS) is essential for any utility’s success. SQL Server, whereas a robust and common alternative, is not the one recreation on the town. Exploring options can unlock potential advantages like value financial savings, specialised options, or improved efficiency for particular use circumstances. Understanding the panorama of competing database options is significant for knowledgeable decision-making.

Various Database Administration Methods

A number of compelling options to SQL Server exist, every with distinctive strengths and weaknesses. These options cater to numerous wants and preferences, providing various functionalities and architectural approaches. Take into account the particular necessities of your challenge when evaluating these choices.

Comparability of Key Options

Completely different database administration techniques excel in distinct areas. A complete comparability is crucial to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of every different. The next desk offers a concise overview, highlighting key options for SQL Server and two outstanding options.

Function	SQL Server	PostgreSQL	MySQL
Relational Mannequin	Sure	Sure	Sure
Scalability	Glorious, typically requiring particular configurations	Glorious, horizontally scalable	Glorious, horizontally scalable
Knowledge Sorts	Intensive, together with specialised sorts	Wealthy set, together with many extensions	Complete, with help for numerous information sorts
Transactions	Sturdy ACID properties	Sturdy ACID properties	Sturdy ACID properties
Value	Might be costly for enterprise licenses	Open-source, usually decrease value	Open-source, usually decrease value
Neighborhood Help	Giant, energetic group	Huge, vibrant open-source group	Giant, energetic group

Strengths and Weaknesses of Every Various, Sql server software program obtain

Understanding the nuances of every different is vital. Let’s delve into the professionals and cons of PostgreSQL and MySQL, two common selections.

PostgreSQL: Identified for its highly effective options and strong capabilities, PostgreSQL is a strong alternative for advanced purposes and information warehousing. Its open-source nature contributes to its affordability and suppleness. Nonetheless, its studying curve may be steeper for freshmen in comparison with some easier options. PostgreSQL excels in dealing with advanced queries and information relationships. It is well-suited for demanding purposes the place reliability and scalability are important.
MySQL: MySQL is a broadly used, mature database system. Its ease of use and huge ecosystem of instruments make it enticing for builders. A powerful group backing ensures plentiful sources and help. Nonetheless, it may not supply the identical degree of superior options as PostgreSQL in particular areas, like superior question optimization. MySQL shines in its simplicity and pace, making it superb for internet purposes and initiatives requiring fast growth cycles.

Selecting the Proper Various

In the end, the most effective different to SQL Server relies on your particular wants. Elements comparable to finances, scalability necessities, and the complexity of your utility play a big position within the decision-making course of. Totally evaluating these elements will make it easier to make an knowledgeable alternative that aligns together with your challenge’s aims.